Hakkâri – Muhasebe News

Do you know how many residences were sold in Turkey in 2016?

MuhasebeNews — Fri, 26 Oct 2018 08:00:35 +0000

In Turkey, 1.198.440 residences were sold in the first 11 months in 2016.

According to the statistics published after the research of General Directorate of Land Registers and done by Turkish Statistical Institute;

***1.198.440 residences were sold in the first 11 months in 2016 with reference to all of the cities in Turkey.

In Turkey, the three cities with the most residential sales for 2013-2014-2015 (for 12 months) and for 2016 (for the first 11 months) respectively;
-Istanbul is placed on the top with 907.291 sales,
-Ankara is ranked at the second place with 545.087 sales,
-Izmir is ranked at the third place with 294.337 sales.The three cities where the residential sales of 12 months of 2013-2014-2015 and the first 11 months of 2016 are stated below;
-Hakkari is the last place with 597 sales
-Ardahan is the second last place with 682 sales
-Şırnak is the third last place with 2.873 sales.

In general, the residential sale table of all the cities for 12 months of 2013-2014-2015 and the first 11 months of 2016 is presented below;Source: Turkish Statistical Institute – General Directorate of Land Registers
Date: 25 January 2017

Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

House Sales Statistics in Turkey, April 2017

MuhasebeNews — Thu, 01 Jun 2017 08:18:27 +0000

In April 2017, 114 446 houses were sold in Turkey
In Turkey, house sales increased by 7.6% in April 2017 compared to the same month of the previous year and hence, became 114 446. For the house sales of April 2017, İstanbul had the highest share of house sales with 17.5% and 20 066 sold house. The followers of İstanbul were Ankara with 13 364 house sales and 11.7% and İzmir 7 170 house sales and 6.3%. The least house sold provinces were Hakkari with 4 house sales, Ardahan with 8 house sales, Şırnak with 18 house sales.

Number of house sales, 2016-2017
In April 2017, 43 334 ownership of the houses changed by mortgage sales
The mortgaged house sales throughout Turkey became 43 334 by increasing 29.6% compared to the same month of the previous year. House sales with mortgage had a 37.9% share of all house sales in Turkey. Most of house sales with mortgage was in İstanbul with 8 546 sales. İstanbul was the first province in Turkey ranking that has most house sales with mortgage share with 19.7%. Mortgaged house sales had the highest share in Ardahan with 87.5% of all house sales.

Ownership of 71 112 houses changed by other sales
Other house sales in Turkey became 71 112 by decreasing 2.5% compared to the same month of the previous year. In the other sales, İstanbul was the first province with 11 520 sales and 16.2% share. Other house sales had 57.4% share of all house sales in İstanbul. Ankara was the second province with 8 047 sales. Ankara was followed by İzmir with 4 149 sales. The least other house sales was realized in Ardahan with 1 house sales.

House sales by type of sales, April 2017

House sales by state of sales, April 2017

In house sales, 51 988 of houses were sold for the first time
First house sales in Turkey became 51 988 by increasing 10.8% compared to the same month of the previous year. First house sales had 45.4% share of all house sales in Turkey. The most first house sales was in İstanbul with 9 380 sales. İstanbul was the first province in Turkey ranking that had most first house sales share with 18%. The followers of İstanbul were Ankara with 5 206 house sales and İzmir with 2 872 house sales.

Ownership of 62 458 houses changed by second hand sales
Second hand house sales in Turkey became 62 458 by increasing 5.1% compared to the same month of the previous year. In the second hand sales, İstanbul was the first province again with 10 686 sales and 17.1% share. Share of the second hand sales was 53.3% in İstanbul in total house sales. Ankara was the second province with 8 158 sales and Ankara was followed by İzmir with 4 298 sales.

In April 2017, 1 624 houses were sold to foreigners
In house sales to foreigners became 1 624 by increasing 2.7% compared to the same month of the previous year. İstanbul was the first province with 571 sales in April 2017. The followers of İstanbul were Antalya with 385 house sales, Bursa with 109 house sales, Trabzon with 97 house sales, Yalova with 69 house sales and Ankara with 65 house sales.

Most house sales were made to Iraqi citizens according to country nationalities
Iraqi citizens bought 245 houses from Turkey in April. The followers of Iraq were Saudi Arabia with 185 house sales, Kuwait with 169 house sales, Russia with 99 house sales and Afghanistan with 81 house sales.

Building Permits in Turkey, January-March, 2017

MuhasebeNews — Wed, 31 May 2017 10:25:32 +0000

Floor area of buildings given Construction Permits decreased by 17.2%
In the first three months of 2017 compared with the previous year, number of buildings, floor area of buildings, value of buildings and number of dwelling units decreased by 15.0%, 17.2%, 3.6% and 11.6% respectively according to the Construction Permits given by municipalities to the buildings.

Buildings given Construction Permits in the total of January-March 2017;

Total floor area of buildings realized as 45.0 million m² and 25.4 million m² of it realized as residential building, 10.0 million m² of it realized as nonresidential building and 9.6 million m² of it realized as common used area.

According to the use of building, two and more dwelling residential buildings had the highest share with 34.6 million m². It was followed by public entertainment, education, hospital or institutional care buildings with 2.5 million m².

According to the type of investor, private sector had the highest share with 37.7 million m². It was followed by public sector with 6.8 million m² and construction cooperatives with 592 thousand m²respectively. According to the number of dwelling units, from total 228 thousand 918 dwellings, 210 thousand 881 of it was taken by private sector, 16 thousand 458 of it was taken by public sector and thousand 579 of it was taken by construction cooperatives.

According to the provinces, İstanbul had the highest share with 9.3 million m². It was followed by Ankara with 4.7 million m² and İzmir with 2.2 million m² respectively. The provinces which had the lowest floor area were Muş, Bayburt and Bitlis respectively.

According to the dwelling units, İstanbul had the highest share with 53 thousand 554 dwelling units. It was followed by Ankara with 16 thousand 352 dwelling units and İzmir with 14 thousand 247 dwelling units respectively. The provinces which had the lowest dwelling units were Muş, Hakkari and Bayburt respectively.

Floor area of buildings given Occupancy Permits increased by 22.0%
In the first three months of 2017 compared with the previous year, number of buildings, floor area of buildings, value of buildings and number of dwelling units increased by 8.7%, 22.0%, 42.2% and 17.9%
respectively according to the Occupancy Permits given by municipalities to the buildings.

Buildings given Occupancy Permits in the total of January-March 2017;

Total floor area of buildings realized as 39.3 million m² and 22.1 million m² of it realized as residential building, 9.1 million m² of it realized as nonresidential building and 8.1 million m² of it realized as common used area.

According to the use of building, two and more dwelling residential buildings had the highest share with 28.7 million m². It was followed by public entertainment, education, hospital or institutional care buildings with 2.6 million m².

According to the type of investor, private sector had the highest share with 32.5 million m². It was followed by public sector with 5.8 million m² and construction cooperatives with 979 thousand m²respectively. According to the number of dwelling units, from total 194 thousand 36 dwellings, 175 thousand 7 of it was taken by private sector, 14 thousand 910 of it was taken by public sector and 4 thousand 119 of it was taken by construction cooperatives.

According to the provinces, İstanbul had the highest share with 7.9 million m². It was followed by Ankara with 4.0 million m² and İzmir with 2.3 million m² respectively. The provinces which had the lowest floor area were Bayburt, Gümüşhane and Şırnak, respectively.

According to the dwelling units, İstanbul had the highest share with 44 thousand 3 dwelling units. It was followed by Ankara with 17 thousand 336 dwelling units and İzmir with 11 thousand 557 dwelling units respectively. The provinces which had the lowest dwelling units were Bayburt, Hakkari and Ağrı, respectively.

Youth in Statistics of Turkey, 2016

MuhasebeNews — Wed, 31 May 2017 07:56:47 +0000

Young population constituted 16.3% of Turkey’s population
According to the results of Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS), while the total population of Turkey was 79 million 814 thousand 871 at the end of 2016, the young population at the age group of 15-24 was 12 million 989 thousand 42. Young population constituted 16.3% of total population. While young male population constituted 51.2% of young population, young female population constituted 48.8% of it.

The province with the highest proportion of young population was Hakkari
According to the results of ABPRS, Hakkari had the highest proportion of young population with 25.5% in 2016. Hakkari was followed by Şırnak with 23.9% and Siirt with 23.1%. The provinces with the lowest proportion of young population were Muğla with 13.2%, Balıkesir with 13.5% and Sinop with 13.7%, respectively.

The proportions of young population by first 5 provinces, 2016

Net schooling ratio in higher education for females was 42.6%
In Turkey, net schooling ratio in higher education in 2014/’15 educational year was 39.5%, this ratio increased to 40.9% in 2015/’16 educational year. While this ratio for males increased from 38% to 39.2%, for females it increased from 41.1% to 42.6%.

The rate of young people in neither education nor employment was 24%
According to the results of household labor force survey, the rate of young people in neither education nor employment was 24% in 2016. This rate was 14.6% for young males and 33.5% for young females.

While unemployment rate was 18.5% for young people in 2015, it was 19.6% in 2016. This rate was 17.4% for young males and 23.7% for young females in 2016. Unemployment rate of young males increased by 0.9 points, unemployment rate of young females showed an increase of 1.5 points compared to the previous year.

51.1% of employed young people took part in service sector
Employment rate of young people was 34.1% in 2016 with decreasing 0.1 points compared to 2015. 17.6% of employed young people were involved in agricultural sector, 31.3% of them were in industrial sector and 51.1% was in service sector.

Deaths due to external causes of injury and poisoning was higher in young people
According to the results of causes of death statistics, when the causes of death of the individuals aged 15 and over was analyzed; it was seen that the external causes of injury and poisoning constituted 4.3% of deaths, in 2016. While the proportion of deaths for young people was 50.5% due to external causes of injury and poisoning, this proportion was 57.3% for young males and 31.8% for young females.

While the proportion of deaths due to benign and malignant tumors in young people was 12.1%, this proportion was 10.2% for young males and 17.4% for young females.

Four out of every five young people used Internet
According to the results of information and communication technology usage survey in households, the proportion of Internet usage for young people at the age group of 16-24 increased to 87.5% in 2016 while this proportion was 82.4% in 2015. While this proportion for young males was 94.2% in 2016 with an increase of 4.8 points, this proportion was 80.7% for young females with an increase of 5.2 points compared to the previous year.

65.1% of young people mentioned that they were happy
According to the results of life satisfaction survey: the proportion of young people at the age group of 18-24 who mentioned that they were happy was 65.1% in 2016, while it was 63.8% in 2015. This proportion for young males was 60% while it was 70.2% for young females.

63.6% of young people were satisfied with the education they received
According to the results of life satisfaction survey; in 2016, 63.6% of the young people declared that they were satisfied from the education they received up to now. 64.2% of the young males were satisfied from the education they received while 63% of young females were satisfied from the education they received.

Young people considered job satisfaction more important than income
According to the results of life satisfaction survey; in 2016, 78.7% of the young people were satisfied from the job, while 51% of them were satisfied from their income. For young males, the proportion of satisfaction from job was 77% and the satisfaction from the income was 51.5%, while for young females these proportions were 82.4% and 50%.

Health was the first source of happiness of young people
According to the results of life satisfaction survey; in 2016, health was the first value as a source of happiness of young people with 54.6%. This was followed by love with 20% and success with 15.4%. While the first value as a source of happiness for young males and females did not change, in the second order, it was success for young males with 17.7% and love for young females with 24.1%. Love took place in the third order as a source of happiness for young males with 15.8% while success took place in the third order as a source of happiness for young females with 13.2%.

Young females married with arranged marriage while young males with their own decision
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; while 43.3% of the young people aged 15-24 married with arranged marriage and their own consent, 36.8% married with their own decision with approval of their family. It was seen that 13.6% of the young people married with eloping/abduction.

While 45.3% of young males and 35.3% of young females married with their own decision with approval of their family, 33.4% of young males and 45% of young females married with arranged marriage and their own consent.

While 51% of young people met their spouses by family and relative network, this proportion was 45.5% for young males and 52% for young females. The proportion of young people who met their spouses through the Internet was 3%. This proportion was 5.7% for young males, and 2.6% for young females.

Parents had problems with young people mostly about smoking
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; parents declared that smoking was the most common problem with their children between the ages of 18-25 and living in the same household, with 16%. While mothers had problems with their children about smoking with 18.3%, fathers had problems with 13.2% on this subject.

It was stated that the biggest problems among the parents and young people after the smoking were choice of friends with 15.4%, use of mobile phone and style of clothing with 14.4%.

42.9% of young people agreed with persons from different religious sect would marry
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when the thoughts of individuals aged 15 and over about marriage were analyzed, while 36.6% of the individuals agreed with persons from different sectarian people would marry each other, this proportion was 42.9% for young people. 46.1% of young males and 39.6% of young females agreed with persons from different sectarian people would marry each other.

Most important feature sought by young people in their future spouse was being a reliable person
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when personal and social qualifications sought by young people in their future spouse were examined, it was seen that 98.5% of young people considered important that the person to be married was a reliable person/not lying. 98.1% of the young people declared that it was important for the person to be married to be loyal to their partner and 97.7% considered that to be patient and tolerant was important.

It was seen that 48.6% of the young people did not care about having a similar political view with the person to be married. 41.6% of the young people declared that it was not a matter that the person to be married had a high income level/wealth and 41% stated that they did not care about being with the same social circle with the person to be married.

95.5% of the young people considered cheating of the females as precise reason for divorce
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when the situations considered as precise reason for divorce were examined by age groups, it was seen that 95.5% of the young people declared the most important divorce reason as females’ cheating their husband even for once. 93.8% of the young people declared that males’ cheating their wife even for once was the second most important reason for divorce. It was declared that males’ maltreatment towards their wife (beating, insulting etc.) was considered as the third most important reason by young people with 89.6%.

Failing to have a baby by wife and husband was not considered important as precise reason for divorce by young people. While only 6.2% of the young people declared that males’ failing to have a baby was precise reason, 6.8% declared that females’ failing to have a baby was precise reason for divorce.

Statistics on Family in Turkey, 2016

MuhasebeNews — Thu, 11 May 2017 13:14:13 +0000

Average household size was 3.5
According to the results of Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS); in Turkey, the average household size showed a tendency to decrease. It declined from 3.7 persons in 2012 to 3.5 in 2016. When it was analyzed by provinces; the province with the highest average size of households was Şırnak with 6.7 persons in 2016. Şırnak was followed by Hakkari with 5.9 and Şanlıurfa with 5.8 persons. The province with the lowest average size of households was Çanakkale with 2.7 persons. Çanakkale was followed by Eskişehir, Balıkesir and Tunceli with 2.8 persons.

The proportion of one-family households increased
One-family (nuclear family) is defined as families comprising a couple without children, or a couple with at least one child, or a lone-parent with at least one child. Within the scope of this definition, according to the results of ABPRS; while the proportion of one-family households in our country was 67.4% in 2014, this proportion was 66.4% in 2016. While the proportion of one-family households was 13.9% in 2014, it was observed that this proportion increased to 14.9% in 2016.

As the proportion of extended family households which cover multi-family households or at least one nuclear family with non-family member(s) was 16.7% in 2014, this proportion was 16.3% in 2016. It was observed that while the proportion of multi-person households without nuclear families was 2.1% in 2014, it increased to 2.4% in 2016.

Proportion of households by type, 2014-2016

Tunceli had the highest proportion of one-person households
The province which had the highest proportion of one-person households was Tunceli with 24.9% in 2016. This province was followed by Giresun with 22.8% and Eskişehir and Gümüşhane with 22.6%, respectively. The province which had the lowest proportion of one-person households was Diyarbakır with 8.3%. This province was followed by Batman with 8.7% and Van with 8.8%, respectively.

The proportions of one-person households by first 5 provinces, 2016

Kayseri had the highest proportion of one-family households
The province which had the highest proportion of one-family households was Kayseri with 72.6% in 2016. Kayseri was followed by Osmaniye with 71.9% and by Ankara with 71.3%. The province which had the lowest proportion of one-family households was Şırnak with 55.3%. This province was followed by Kastamonu with 56.6% and Tunceli with 57.2%.

The proportions of one-family households by first 5 provinces, 2016

Lone-parent with at least one child families constituted 8.2% of households
The proportion of lone-parent with at least one child families in total households was 8.2% in Turkey in 2016. When it was analyzed in more detail, 1.7% of total households were lone-father with at least one child families, 6.5% was lone-mother with at least one child families.

İzmir had the highest proportion of lone-parent with resident children families
The provinces with the highest proportion of lone-parent with at least one child families were in İzmir with 10%, Adana with 9.8% and Malatya with 9.7%, the provinces with the lowest proportion were in Bayburt with 5.8%, Tokat with 5.9% and Bitlis, Nevşehir, Burdur and Yozgat with 6.2% in 2016.

The provinces with the highest proportion of lone mothers with at least one resident child were İzmir with 7.9%, Adana with 7.8% and Bingöl and Hatay with 7.7%, the provinces with the lowest proportion were Bayburt with 4.5%, Ardahan with 4.6% and Tokat with 4.7%. The provinces with the highest proportion of lone fathers with at least one resident child were Malatya with 2.6%, Gümüşhane with 2.5% and Iğdır and Kilis with 2.4%, the provinces with the lowest proportion were Nevşehir, Kayseri and Tokat with 1.2%.

Şırnak had the highest proportion of extended family households
The province which had the highest proportion of extended family households was Şırnak with 29.9% in 2016. This province was followed by Hakkari with 26.4% and Batman with 25.9%. The province which had the lowest proportion of extended family households was Çanakkale with 10.3%. This province was followed by Eskişehir with 10.5% and Balıkesir with 11.2%.

The proportions of extended family households by first 5 provinces, 2016

Females didn’t complete their education mostly for the reason of their families’ not allowing
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; the proportion of the individuals aged 15 and over, who didn’t complete education even though they wanted to continue, was 18.3%. When the reasons for the individuals who didn’t complete education was analyzed; it was seen that the first reason was economic reasons with 45.5%, the second one was the family’s not allowing with 22.7% and the third one was failure in education with 12.3%.

When the reasons for the individuals who didn’t complete education was analyzed by sex; it was observed that while males didn’t complete their education mostly for the reasons of economic reasons with 58.7%, failure in education with 16.6% and the family’s not allowing with 7.5%, females didn’t complete their education mostly for the reasons of the family’s not allowing with 38.1%, economic reasons with 32.3% and getting married/engaged/becoming mother/being pregnant with 9.5%.

Individuals met with their spouses by family and relative network mostly
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when the social networks where the individuals aged 15 and over and who had experienced marriage, met with their spouses was examined; it was seen that 49.8% of the individuals met their spouses by family and relative network, 28.2% met their spouses by neighborhood network, 10.3% met by friends network (outside school and work) throughout the country. When how individuals met their spouses was analyzed by sex; it was seen that 47.8% of males and 51.5% of females met with their spouses by family and relative network.

23.2% of the individuals stated that they were relative with their spouses
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when it was examined whether the individuals who were aged 15 and over and had experienced marriage were related to their spouses; it was observed that 23.2% of the individuals were relative with their spouses.

According to Statistical Regions (SR) Level 1; the region which had the most common consanguineous marriage was TRC South East Anatolia (Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt) with 42.6%. The region which had the lowest observation on consanguineous marriage was TR2 West Marmara (Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, Balıkesir, Çanakkale) with 8.9%.

Females were decision maker on house layout while males were on holiday and entertainment
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when the decision makers on some selected issues for individuals aged 15 and over living in household was analyzed by sex; it was seen that females had decision making priority on house layout with 78.1%, shopping with 58% and relations with neighbors with 56.1%, respectively. Males were decision maker on holiday and entertainment with 70.6%, house selection with 65.9% and relations with relatives with 59.7%.

Females spent 5 times more time than males on household and family care
According to the results of time use survey, 2014-2015; when the time spent on household and family care activities by individuals aged 15 and over was examined; it was seen that the average time for this activity was 2 hours 45 minutes per day. While males spent 53 minutes, females spent 4 hours 35 minutes for this activity. When the time spent on household and family care was analyzed by employment status; it was seen that while employed individuals aged 15 and over spent 1 hour 34 minutes, non-employed individuals spent 3 hours 47 minutes per day on average.

When the time spent on household and family care was analyzed by employment status and sex; it was seen that while employed males spent 46 minutes, employed females spent 3 hours 31 minutes per day on average. For household and family care activities, non-employed males spent 1 hour 7 minutes and non-employed females spent 4 hours 59 minutes.

14.5% of time allocated to household and family care was spent on child care
According to the results of time use survey, 2014-2015; when time distribution in household and family care for the individuals aged 15 and over was examined, it was seen that 14.5% of this time was allocated to child care. While males allocated 17.2% to child care of total time spent to household and family care, females allocated 14.1% to child care.

Istanbul had the highest number of foster parents
According to Ministry of Family and Social Policy’s data; throughout Turkey by the date of 8 May 2017, number of foster parents was 4 thousand 242. Examining the number of foster parents by province, it was seen that Istanbul had the highest number with 386 foster parents. Istanbul was followed by İzmir with 310, Ankara with 254, Kayseri with 160 and Kocaeli with 140 foster parents, respectively.

53.5% of the individuals didn’t want to be foster parent
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when individuals aged 15 and over were asked whether they wanted to be foster parent or not, 30.4% of them stated that they wanted to be a foster parent, 53.5% of them did not want to be a foster parent and 16.1% of them did not have any information about it. The proportion of males who wanted to be a foster parent was 28.2% and the proportion of women was 32.6%.

When the proportion of willingness to be a foster parent was examined by SR Level 1; the region with the highest proportion of individuals who stated that they wanted to be a foster parent was TR9 East Black Sea (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) with 42.4% and the region with the lowest proportion was TRC Southeast Anatolia with 17.2%.

Relatives and neighborhood were visited mostly for exchanging greetings in religious holidays
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when individuals’ aged 15 and over frequencies of visits to relatives and neighborhood in special situations were examined, it was seen that they visited their relatives and neighborhood mostly for exchanging greetings in religious holidays with 65.4%.

It was seen that exchanging greetings in religious holidays was followed by to give condolences with 61.6%, to ceremonies and celebrations such as wedding with 59.3%, visiting patients with 56.7%, to see the new born baby of acquaintance with 49.5%, visiting graves with 47.5%, to bid farewell and to greet an acquaintance for military service with 46.9%, upon their return from pilgrimage with 46.8% and to celebrate the newly purchased home of acquaintance with 45.9%, respectively.

Families made individuals happiest
According to the results of life satisfaction survey, the proportion of the individuals aged 18 and over who stated that their families made them happiest was 70.2% in 2016. While the proportion of males who mentioned that their families made them happiest was 76.3%, this proportion was 64.3% for females.

74.4% of the individuals stated that their families were happy
According to the results of family structure survey, 2016; when having been examined how the individuals aged 15 and over assessed their families’ general level of happiness, 74.4% of them stated that their families were happy, 20% of them stated that their families’ general level of happiness was neither happy nor unhappy and 5.7% of them stated that their families were unhappy.

SR Level 1, the region with the highest proportion of individuals who stated that their families were happy was TR7 Central Anatolia (Kırıkkale, Aksaray, Niğde, Nevşehir, Kırşehir, Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat) with 81.1% and the region with the lowest proportion was TRC Southeast Anatolia with 64.9%.

Having fixed line telephone decreased as having mobile phone increased
According to the results of information and communication technology usage survey in households and by individuals; when the availability of devices in households was examined; it was seen that while the proportion of availability of desktop computers in households was 10% in 2004, it increased to 34.3% in 2011. This proportion showed tendency to decrease in the following years and was 22.9% in 2016.

While the proportion of availability of portable computer (laptop, tablet, netbook, etc.) in households was 0.9% in 2004, this proportion showed tendency to increase in the following years and was 49% in 2016. It was seen that while the proportion of availability of mobile phone (including smart phone) in households was 53.7% in 2004, it increased to 96.9% in 2016, as the proportion of availability of fixed line telephone was 81.6% in 2004, it was seen that this proportion decreased to 25.6% in 2016.

When the proportion of access to the Internet in households analyzed, it was seen that while this proportion was 7% in 2004, it was 76.3% in 2016.

21.9% of the individuals were below the poverty threshold
According to the results of income and living conditions survey; when at risk of poverty threshold was examined by taken equalized household disposable income criteria 60% into consideration, it was seen that the proportion of the individuals who lived below the poverty threshold was 21.9% in 2015. When the proportion of poverty by household types was analyzed; it was observed that 29.3% of households with one adult with at least one dependent children lived below the relative poverty threshold.

Dependent child is defined as a child who is under the age of 18 or in the age group of 18-24, economically inactive and living with at least one parent. While the poverty rate of households having dependent children was 26.7%, it was 7.9% for the households having no dependent children.

The most important housing problem was inability of heating the dwelling due to isolation
According to the results of income and living conditions survey; when the ownership status of dwelling was examined; it was seen that 60.4% of the individuals were owner and 23.3% were tenant in their residence.

It was observed that 43% of individuals faced with problems about heating their dwelling due to isolation, 39% of individuals faced with problems about leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames of floor and 24.2% of them faced with pollution, grime due to traffic/industry or other environmental problems in 2015.

House Sales Statistics in Turkey, March 2017

MuhasebeNews — Wed, 26 Apr 2017 07:49:07 +0000

In March 2017, 128 923 houses were sold in Turkey
In Turkey, house sales increased by 10% in March 2017 compared to the same month of the previous year and hence, became 128 923. For the house sales of March 2017, İstanbul had the highest share of house sales with 17.4% and 22 443 sold house. The followers of İstanbul were Ankara with 15 004 house sales and 11.6% and İzmir 8 059 house sales and 6.3%. The least house sold provinces were Hakkari with 8 house sales, Ardahan with 12 house sales, Bayburt with 39 house sales.

Number of house sales, 2016-2017

In March 2017, 50 424 ownership of the houses changed by mortgage sales

The mortaged house sales throughout Turkey became 50 424 by increasing 29.9% compared to the same month of the previous year. House sales with mortgage had a 39.1% share of all house sales in Turkey. Most of house sales with mortgage was in İstanbul with 9 661 sales. İstanbul was the first province in Turkey ranking that has most house sales with mortgage share with 19.2%. Mortgaged house sales had the highest share in Artvin with 59.1% of all house sales.

Ownership of 78 499 houses changed by other sales
Other house sales in Turkey became 78 499 by increasing 0.1% compared to the same month of the previous year. In the other sales, İstanbul was the first province with 12 782 sales and 16.3% share. Other house sales had 57% share of all house sales in İstanbul. Ankara was the second province with 8 525 sales. Ankara was followed by İzmir with 4 667 sales. The least other house sales was realized in Hakkari and Ardahan with 5 house sales.

House sales by type of sales, March 2017

House sales by state of sales, March 2017

In house sales, 56 376 of houses were sold for the first time
First house sales in Turkey became 56 376 by increasing 7.6% compared to the same month of the previous year. First house sales had 43.7% share of all house sales in Turkey. The most first house sales was in İstanbul with 9 972 sales. İstanbul was the first province in Turkey ranking that had most first house sales share with 17.7%. The followers of İstanbul were Ankara with 5 355 house sales and İzmir with 3 117 house sales.

Ownership of 72 547 houses changed by second hand sales
Second hand house sales in Turkey became 72 547 by increasing 11.9% compared to the same month of the previous year. In the second hand sales, İstanbul was the first province again with 12 471 sales and 17.2% share. Share of the second hand sales was 55.6% in İstanbul in total house sales. Ankara was the second province with 9 649 sales and Ankara was followed by İzmir with 4 942 sales.

In March 2017, 1 578 houses were sold to foreigners
In house sales to foreigners became 1 578 by decreasing 1.1% compared to the same month of the previous year. İstanbul was the first province with 579 sales in March 2017. The followers of İstanbul were Antalya with 313 house sales, Bursa with 124 house sales, Yalova with 88 house sales, Sakarya with 80 house sales and Ankara with 73 house sales.

Most house sales were made to Iraqi citizens according to country nationalities
Iraqi citizens bought 323 houses from Turkey in March. The followers of Iraq were Saudi Arabia with 148 house sales, Kuwait with 139 house sales, Russia with 115 house sales and Afghanistan with 112 house sales.

Building Permits in Turkey, January-December, 2016

MuhasebeNews — Sat, 01 Apr 2017 10:00:50 +0000

Floor area of buildings given construction permits increased by 7.3%
In 2016 compared with the previous year, number of buildings, floor area of buildings, value of buildings and number of dwelling units increased by 5.5%, 7.3%, 15.4% and 10.6% respectively according to the construction permits given by municipalities.

Total floor area of buildings given construction permits in 2016 realized as 202.3 million m² and 112.8 million m² of it realized as residential building, 48.2 million m² of it realized as nonresidential building and 41.3 million m² of it realized as common used area.

According to the use of building, two and more dwelling residential buildings had the highest share with 150.9 million m². It was followed by public entertainment, education, hospital or institutional care buildings with 11.5 million m².

According to the type of investor, private sector had the highest share with 169.9 million m². It was followed by public sector with 29.0 million m² and construction cooperatives with 3.4 million m²respectively. According to the number of dwelling units, from total 986 thousand 119 dwellings, 908 thousand 687 of it was taken by private sector, 64 thousand 604 of it was taken by public sector and 12 thousand 828 of it was taken by construction cooperatives.

According to the total floor area of buildings, İstanbul had the highest share with 38.9 million m². It was followed by Ankara with 17.7 million m² and İzmir with 9.2 million m² respectively. The provinces which had the lowest floor area were Hakkari, Ardahan and Şırnak respectively.

According to the dwelling units, İstanbul had the highest share with 213 thousand 526 units. It was followed by Ankara with 67 thousand 514 units and İzmir with 50 thousand 367 units respectively. The provinces which had the lowest dwelling units were Hakkari, Şırnak and Bayburt respectively.

Floor area of buildings given occupancy permits increased by 5.1%
In 2016 compared with the previous year, number of buildings, floor area of buildings, value of buildings and the number of dwelling units increased by 0.3%, 5.1%, 14.2% and 2.5% respectively according to the occupancy permits given by municipalities.

Total floor area of buildings given occupancy permits in 2016 realized as 150.3 million m² and 86.1 million m² of it realized as residential building, 36.0 million m² of it realized as nonresidential building and 28.2 million m² of it realized as common used area.

According to the use of building, two and more dwelling residential buildings had the highest share with 110.4 million m². It was followed by wholesale and retail trade buildings with 8.7 million m².

According to the type of investor, private sector had the highest share with 130.1 million m². It was followed by public sector with 16.2 million m² and construction cooperatives with 3.9 million m²respectively. According to the number of dwelling units, from total 750 thousand 336 dwellings, 683 thousand 642 of it was taken by private sector, 47 thousand 612 of it was taken by public sector and 19 thousand 82 of it was taken by construction cooperatives.

According to the total floor area of buildings, İstanbul had the highest share with 28.1 million m². It was followed by Ankara with 13.4 million m² and İzmir with 8.7 million m² respectively. The provinces which had the lowest floor area were Ardahan, Hakkari and Bayburt respectively.

According to the dwelling units, İstanbul had the highest share with 158 thousand 709 units. It was followed by Ankara with 59 thousand 352 units and İzmir with 47 thousand 35 units respectively. The provinces which had the lowest dwelling units were Ardahan, Şırnak and Hakkari respectively.

House Sales Statistics in Turkey, February 2017

MuhasebeNews — Tue, 28 Mar 2017 07:39:23 +0000

In February 2017, 101 468 houses were sold in Turkey
In Turkey, house sales decreased by 0.2% in February 2017 compared to the same month of the previous year and hence, became 101 468. For the house sales of February 2017, İstanbul had the highest share of house sales with 17.5% and 17 783 sold house. The followers of Istanbul were Ankara with 11 274 house sales and 11.1% and İzmir 6 290 house sales and 6.2%. The least house sold provinces were Hakkari with 4 house sales, Ardahan with 7 house sales, Şırnak with 27 house sales.

Number of house sales, 2016-2017
In February 2017, 38 676 ownership of the houses changed by mortgage sales
The mortaged house sales throughout Turkey became 38 676 by increasing 27% compared to the same month of the previous year. House sales with mortgage had a 38.1% share of all house sales in Turkey. Most of house sales with mortgage was in İstanbul with 7 247 sales. İstanbul was the first province in Turkey ranking that has most house sales with mortgage share with 18.7%. Mortgaged house sales had the highest share in Artvin with 58.3% of all house sales.

Ownership of 62 792 houses changed by other sales
Other house sales in Turkey became 62 792 by decreasing 11.9% compared to the same month of the previous year. In the other sales, İstanbul was the first province with 10 536 sales and 16.8% share. Other house sales had 59.2% share of all house sales in İstanbul. Ankara was the second province with 6 331 sales. Ankara was followed by İzmir with 3 696 sales. The least other house sales was realized in Hakkari with 4 house sales.

House sales by type of sales, February 2017

House sales by state of sales, February 2017

In house sales, 45 215 of houses were sold for the first time
First house sales in Turkey became 45 215 by decreasing 4.6% compared to the same month of the previous year. First house sales had 44.6% share of all house sales in Turkey. The most first house sales was in İstanbul with 8 514 sales. İstanbul was the first province in Turkey ranking that had most first house sales share with 18.8%. The followers of İstanbul were Ankara with 3 948 house sales and İzmir with 2 539 house sales.

Ownership of 56 253 houses changed by second hand sales
Second hand house sales in Turkey became 56 253 by increasing 3.6% compared to the same month of the previous year. In the second hand sales, İstanbul was the first province again with 9 269 sales and 16.5% share. Share of the second hand sales was 52.1% in İstanbul in total house sales. Ankara was the second province with 7 326 sales and Ankara was followed by İzmir with 3 751 sales.

In February 2017, 1 306 houses were sold to foreigners
In house sales to foreigners became 1 306 by decreasing 17.6% compared to the same month of the previous year. İstanbul was the first province with 458 sales in February 2017. The followers of İstanbul were Antalya with 279 house sales, Bursa with 119 house sales, Yalova with 62 house sales, Ankara with 59 house sales and Trabzon with 44 house sales.

Most house sales were made to Iraqi citizens according to country nationalities
Iraqi citizens bought 282 houses from Turkey in February. The followers of Iraq were Saudi Arabia with 143 house sales, Kuwait with 114 house sales, Afghanistan with 81 house sales and Russia with 77 house sales.

Elderly Statistics in Turkey, 2016

MuhasebeNews — Wed, 22 Mar 2017 12:55:35 +0000

Proportion of elderly population increased by 17.1% in the last five years
While the elderly population (65 years and over) was 5 million 682 thousand 3 persons in 2012, it increased by 17.1% in the last five years and became 6 million 651 thousand 503 persons in 2016. While the proportion of the elderly population in the total population was 7.5% in 2012, it increased to 8.3% in 2016. 43.9% of elderly population was males and 56.1% was females.
While 60.3% of the elderly population was in the age group of 65-74, 32.5% of it in the age group of 75-84 and 7.1% in the age group of 85 and over in 2012, 61.5% of the elderly population was in the age group of 65-74, 30.2% of it in the age group of 75-84 and 8.2% in the age of 85 and over in 2016.

Proportion of elderly population by age group, 2012, 2016

In 2016, 8.7% of the world population was elderly population. The three countries that had highest proportion of elderly population were Monaco with 31.3%, Japan with 27.3% and Germany with 21.8%, respectively. Turkey was in the 66th rank among 167 countries.

Life expectancy increased
According to the 2015 life tables, life expectancy at birth is 78 years at total, 75.3 years for men and 80.7 years for women in Turkey. In general, women live longer than men and the difference in life expectancy at birth is 5.4 years.
In Turkey for persons at 65 years old, the average remaining life span is 17.8 years for total, 16.1 years for males and 19.4 years for females. In other words, for persons at 65 years old, women are expected to live 3.3 years more than men on average.

Life expectancy by sex and age, 2015

Elderly dependency ratio was 12.3% in 2016
Elderly dependency ratio means that the number of elderly persons per hundred persons in working age. While the elderly dependency ratio was 11.1% in 2012, this ratio increased to 12.3% in 2016.

Province with the highest proportion of elderly population was Sinop
The province that had the highest proportion of elderly population was Sinop with 18.1% in 2016. This province was followed by Kastamonu with 16.5% and Çankırı with 15.4%. The provinces that had the lowest proportion of elderly population was Şırnak with 3.2%. This province was followed by Hakkari with 3.3% and Van with 3.6%.

Number of centenarians was 5 thousand 232
The number of centenarians which constituted 0.1% of elderly population was 5 thousand 232 in 2016. While the first three provinces that had the highest centenarians were İstanbul (680 persons), Şanlıurfa (237 persons) and Ankara (219 persons), the first three provinces that had the lowest centenarians were Ardahan (2 persons), Bilecik (4 persons) and Bayburt (7 persons).

Proportion of educated elderly population increased
While the proportion of illiterate elderly population was 29.2% in 2011, it decreased to 21.9% in 2015. It was seen that the proportion of illiterate elderly female population was four times higher than that of elderly male population. While the proportion of illiterate elderly female population was 32.6% in 2015, this proportion was 8.2% for elderly male population.
When the level of education of elderly population was examined, it was seen that while 39.4% of elderly population was primary school, 4.1% of them was junior high school or equivalent/primary education, 4.5% of them was high school or equivalent, 4.1% of them was higher education graduates in 2011, these proportions increased to 43% in primary school, 5.2% in junior high school or equivalent/primary education, 5.6% in high school or equivalent and 5.4% in higher education graduates in 2015.
When the level of education of elderly population was examined by sex, it was seen that there was a significant difference between sexes. It was seen that the proportion of the elderly male population was higher than that of female population at all levels of education.

Proportion of widowed elderly males was 12.7%, elderly females was 50.4%
When elderly population was examined by legal marital status, it was seen that there was a significant difference between sexes. While 1.1% of elderly male population was never married, 83.3% of them was formally married, 2.9% of them was divorced and 12.7% of them was widowed, it was seen that 2.4% of elderly female population was never married, 44% of them was formally married, 3.3% of them was divorced and 50.4% of them was widowed in 2016.

76.7% of the elderly population living alone was females
According to the results of Address Based Population Registration System, the proportion of one person elderly households was 5.4% in total households and 36% in total one person households in 2016. 22.5% of the total households had at least one elderly person. The proportion of elderly population living alone was 23.3% for males and 76.7% for females.
The province that had the highest proportion of one person elderly households in total households was Sinop with 11.1% in 2016. This province was followed by Burdur with 10.7% and Çankırı with 10.4%. The province that had the lowest proportion of one person elderly households in total households was Hakkari with 1.2%. This province was followed by Van with 1.8% and Şırnak with 1.9%.

Elderly poverty rate increased
According to the results of income and living conditions survey, while poverty rate calculated by using 60% of equalised household disposable median income was 22.6% for Turkey, this rate was 21.9% in 2015. While poverty rate for elderly population was 17% in 2011, this rate increased to 18.3% in 2015.
When the poverty of the elderly population was examined by sex, it was seen that while the poverty rate for elderly male population was 15.9% in 2011, this rate increased to 17.8% in 2015. While the poverty rate for elderly female population was 17.9% in 2011, this rate increased to 18.6% in 2015.

Labour force participation rate was 11.9% for elderly population
According to the results of household labour force survey, while the labour force participation rate for 15 years and over was 51.3%, this rate was 11.9% for elderly population in 2015. Also, this rate was 19.9% for elderly male population and 5.8% for elderly female population. The unemployment rate of elderly population was 2.4%.

72.8% of employed elderly population was in agricultural sector
According to the results of household labour force survey, when the sectoral distribution of employed elderly population was examined, it was seen that elderly population was employed in agricultural sector with 72.8% and services sector with 20.4% in 2015.

Number of elders benefiting from the old-age assistance was 620 thousand 19
According to the records of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies, in accordance with the Law No. 2022 on the “Providing Old-Age Assistance to Poor, Weakness and Homeless Turkish Republic People Who Completed 65 Years Old” the number of beneficiaries Who were found to be in need was 620 thousand 19, while the proportion was 9.3% in total elderly population in 2016. The average annual amount of benefit made per the elderly was 2 thousand 548 TL.

One of the both elderly people was satisfied from their general health status
According to the results of life satisfaction survey, while the proportion of elderly people who declared that they were satisfied from their general health status was 43.1% in 2012, this proportion increased to 45.3% in 2016. While the proportion of elderly male people who declared that they were satisfied from their general health status was 53%, this proportion was 39.4% for elderly female people in 2016.

Elderly people died from circulatory system diseases mostly
According to the causes of death statistics, 46.3% of elderly people lost their lives from circulatory system diseases in 2015. This was followed by neoplasm diseases with 16.5% and respiratory system diseases with 13%.
When the causes of death were examined by sex, it was seen that the most important difference between sexes was in neoplasm diseases. The proportion of elderly male people died from neoplasm diseases was about twice as high as that of elderly female people. While the proportion of elderly male people died from neoplasm diseases was 21.5%, this proportion was 11.6% for elderly female people.

Number of elderly people who died from Alzheimer’s disease doubled
According to the causes of death statistics, while the number of elderly people who died from Alzheimer’s disease was 6 thousand 155 in 2011, it increased to 11 thousand 997 in 2015. While the proportion of elderly people who died from Alzheimer’s disease was 2.9% in 2011, this proportion increased to 4.3% in 2015.
When the proportion of elderly people who died from Alzheimer’s disease was examined by sex, it was seen that there was an increase in both sexes. While the proportion of elderly people who died from Alzheimer’s disease was 2.4% for males and 3.4% for females in 2011, these proportions increased to 3.5% for males and 5.2% for females in 2015.

The proportion of elderly people who were always or frequently visited by their children was 71.7%
According to the results of family structure survey, elderly people who did not live in the same household with their children, were always or frequently visited by their children with the proportion of 71.7% in 2016. The proportion of elderly people sometimes visited by their children was 20%, and rarely or never visited was 8.3%.

40.2% of elders declared that they want to coresidence with their children
According to family structure survey, when they are so old that they could not care themselves, the proportion of elders who want to coresidence with his/her children was 40.2%, the proportion of elders desiring to get home care service was 38.6% and the proportion of elders desiring to go nursing home was 7.7% in 2016. The proportion of the elderly people who did not have any idea was 12.9%.

Not to be a burden on children was the most important reason for desiring to stay in the nursing home of elderly people
According to the results of family structure survey, the most important reason for desiring to stay in the nursing home of elderly individuals was that they do not want to be a burden on his/her children with 48.9% when they are so old that they could not care themselves in 2016. The second important reason was that facilities in nursing home are more comfortable with 20.2% and the third important reason was that his/her children might not like to coresidence with them with 11.2%.

Reasons for considering nursing home as a future life preference in elderly people, 2016

Proportion of elderly people who declared themselves as happy increase
According to the results of life satisfaction survey, while the proportion of elderly people who declared themselves as happy was 56.8% in 2015, this proportion increased to 64.5% in 2016. When the general level of happiness was examined by sex, 66.2% of elderly males and 63.2% of elderly females declared themselves as happy.

Source of happiness for elderly people was their families with 64.2%
According to the results of life satisfaction survey, the most important source of happiness for elderly people was their families with 64.2% in 2016. The second source of happiness for elderly people was their children with 18.1%.

Proportion of elderly people using Internet increased by 2.5 times
According to the results of information and communication technology usage survey in households and by individuals, while the proportion of elderly people using Internet in the 65-74 age group was 3.6% in April 2012, this proportion increased to 8.8% in April 2016. When the elderly people using Internet were examined by sex, it was seen that males used Internet more than females. While the proportion of elderly males using Internet was 12.5% in 2016, the proportion of elderly females was 5.8%.

Incentives

MuhasebeNews — Mon, 13 Mar 2017 10:36:51 +0000

Investment Incentives
The new investment incentives scheme is specifically designed to encourage investments with the potential to reduce dependency on the importation of intermediate goods vital to the country’s strategic sectors.

Amongst the primary objectives of the new investment incentives scheme are:

reduce the current account deficit;
boost investment support for lesser developed regions;
increase the level of support instruments;
promote clustering activities; and
to support investments that will create the transfer of technology.

Effective as of January 1, 2012, the new investment incentives system has been comprised of four different schemes. Local and foreign investors have equal access to:
1. General Investment Incentives Scheme
2. Regional Investment Incentives Scheme
3. Large-Scale Investment Incentives Scheme
4. Strategic Investment Incentives Scheme

The support instruments to be provided within the framework of the various investment incentives schemes are shown in the following table:

*Provided that the investment is made in Region 6.
**Provided that the investment is made in Regions 3, 4, 5 or 6 within the framework of the Regional Investment Incentives Scheme.
***For construction expenditures of strategic investments with a minimum fixed investment amount of TRY 500 million.

1- General Investment Incentives Scheme
Regardless of the region where investment takes place; all projects meeting both the specific capacity conditions and the minimum fixed investment amount are supported within the framework of the General Investment Incentives Scheme. Some types of investments are excluded from the investment incentives system and would not benefit from this scheme.
The minimum fixed investment amount is TRY 1 million in Region 1 and 2, and TRY 500,000 in Region 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Major investment incentive instruments are:

1) Exemption from customs duties:
Customs tax exemption for imported machinery and equipment f

2) VAT exemption:
VAT exemption for imported or domestically purchased machinery and equipment for projects with an investment incentive certificate.

2- Regional Investment Incentives Scheme
The sectors to be supported in each region are determined in accordance with regional potential and the scale of the local economy, while the intensity of support varies depending on the level of development in the region.

The minimum fixed investment amount is defined separately for each sector and region with the lowest amount being TRY 1 million for Region 1 and 2, and TRY 500,000 for the remaining regions.

The terms and rates of support provided within the Regional Investment Incentives Scheme are shown in the following table.

*OIZ: Organized Industrial Zones

The new investment incentives system defines certain investment areas as “priority” and offers them the regional support extended to Region 5 by the Regional Investment Incentives Scheme, regardless of the region of the investment. If the fixed investment amount in priority investments is TRY 1 billion or more, tax reduction will be applied by adding 10 points on top of the “rate of contribution to investment” available in Region 5. If priority investments are made in Region 6, the regional incentives available for this particular region shall apply.

Fields of investment with specific priorities to be supported with Region 5 instruments regardless of the investment’s region are:

Tourism accommodation investments in Cultural and Tourism Preservation and Development Regions and investments that could benefit from regional incentives with regard to thermal tourism
Mine extraction and/or processing investments
Mining exploration investments to be made in the licensed areas by investors with a valid Exploration License or Certificate issued pursuant to the Mining Law
Railroad and maritime freight or passenger transportation investments
Investments in the defense industry to be made with respect to the project approval received from the Under secretariat for Defense Industry
Test centers, wind tunnels, and similar investments made for the automotive, aerospace or defense industries
Investments made by the private sector for kindergartens and day-care centers, as well as preschools, primary, elementary, and high schools
International trade fair investments with a minimum indoor area of 50,000 square meters (excluding accommodation and shopping center units)
Investments for the manufacturing of products or parts developed by an R&D project that is supported by the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, TUBITAK or KOSGEB
Investments in the motor vehicles main industry worth a minimum amount of TRY 300 million, engine investments worth a minimum amount of TRY 75 million, and investments for motor engine parts, transmission components/parts and automotive electronics worth a minimum amount of TRY 20 million
Investments for power generation where metals stated in the 4-b group of Article 2 of the current Mining Law No. 3213 within the scope of a valid mining license and permit issued by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources are used as inputs
Investments for energy efficiency projects which are to be carried out at existing manufacturing industry facilities with minimum 500 TEP (ton equivalent petroleum) annual energy consumption, which would provide minimum 20% energy savings compared to the current situation, and with 5 years or less return on investment as a result of energy savings
Investments for electricity generation through waste heat recovery in a facility (excluding natural gas-fired electricity generation plants)
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) investments and underground gas storage investments with a minimum amount of TRY 50 million
Investments for the production of carbon fiber or composite materials made from carbon fiber provided that it takes place along with carbon fiber production
Investments for the production of items in high-tech industry segment stipulated in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) definition for technology intensity
Priority investments with a minimum fixed investment amount of more than TRY 3 billion are considered to be strategic investments. Yet, the amount of interest support for these investments cannot exceed TRY 700,000.
Investments for the production of turbines and generators used in renewable energy generation, as well as investments for the production of blades used in wind energy generation
Integrated investments to produce aluminum flat products by hot rolling and direct chill casting techniques

Furthermore, together with the amendment to the incentives legislation on October 5, 2016, investments for the production of items in medium high-tech industry segment stipulated in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) definition for technology intensity will be able to benefit from the instruments of Region 4 regardless of the location of the investment.

The investment subjects in question are as follows:

Painting substances not classified elsewhere (NCE); inorganic products used as luminophore
Sulphites and sulphates
Phosphinates, phosphonates, phosphates and polyphosphates, nitrates
Manufacture of other organic main chemical substances
Manufacture of chemical fertilizers and nitrous compounds
Manufacture of synthetic rubber and plastic raw materials
Manufacture of glue and gelatin
Modeling pastes; dentist’s wax, plaster-based preparations used in dentistry, fillers and compounds for fire extinguishers; prepared culture media used for the cultivation of microorganisms; not classified elsewhere (NCE) mixed reagents for laboratory or diagnostics use
Doped chemical elements for use in electronics such as disks, scales etc.
The preparations used in cleaning of metal surfaces; vulcanization accelerator substances; not classified elsewhere (NCE) plasticizer and stabilizer compounds for rubber and plastics; not classified elsewhere (NCE) reaction initiators, accelerators, catalysts; not classified elsewhere (NCE) alkalibenzene and alkalinaphtalene mixtures
Manufacture of internal combustion engines and turbines (excluding aircraft, motorized vehicle and motorcycle engines)
Manufacture of pumps and compressors
Manufacture of bearings, gears, gear sets and drive mechanisms
Manufacture of industrial furnaces, kiln and furnace ignitors
Manufacture of hoisting and handling equipment
Manufacture of other general purpose machinery
Manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery
Manufacture of machine tools
Manufacture of metallurgy machinery
Manufacture of mining, quarry and construction machinery
Manufacture of food, beverage and tobacco processing machinery
Manufacture of machinery used in textile, garments and leather processing
Manufacture of weaponry and ammunition (excluding hunting rifles and ammunition, components and accessories for hunting rifles)
Manufacture of other specialty machinery
Manufacture of not classified elsewhere (NCE) household appliances
Manufacture of electrical motors, generators and transformers
Manufacture of power distribution and control devices
Lead-acid accumulators for starter-piston engines
Nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron and other electrical accumulators
Manufacture of not classified elsewhere (NCE) electrical equipment
Manufacture of motorized land vehicles
Manufacture of railroad and trolley engines and cars
Manufacture of motorcycles
Manufacture of vehicles for the disabled

3- Large-Scale Investment Incentives Scheme
12 investment subjects, which will potentially foster Turkey’s technology, R&D capacity and competitiveness, are supported by Large-Scale Investment Incentives Scheme instruments.

The terms and rates of support provided within the Large-Scale Investment Incentives Scheme are shown in the following table.

*OIZ: Organized Industrial Zones

The following categories of investment within the Regional and Large-Scale Investment Incentives Schemes can benefit from support granted to a one-grade lower region in terms of tax reduction and social security premium support (employer’s share).

Investments in Organized Industrial Zones (OIZ)
Joint investments to be made by at least five companies operating in the same sector with the purpose of greater integration

E.g.: A Region 3-level investment in an OIZ can take advantage of the tax reduction level in Region 4. Similarly, a Region 6-level investment may benefit from an additional 5% contribution to the investment.

4- Strategic Investment Incentives Scheme
Investments meeting the criteria below are supported within the framework of the Strategic Investment Incentives Scheme:

The domestic production capacity for the product to be manufactured with the investment shall be less than the import of the product.
The investment shall have a minimum investment amount of TRY 50 million.
The investment shall create a minimum added-value of 40% (this condition is not applicable to refinery and petrochemicals investments).
The total import value of the product to be manufactured with the investment shall be minimum of USD 50 million as of the past one year (excluding products that are not locally produced).

The terms and rates of support provided within the Strategic Investment Incentives Scheme are shown in the following table.

*Provided that it will not exceed 5 percent of the investment amount

Support Instruments
VAT Exemption:
VAT is exempt for imported and/or domestically delivered machinery and equipment within the scope of the investment incentive certificate.

Customs Duty Exemption:
Customs duty is exempt for imported machinery and equipment within the scope of the investment incentive certificate.

Tax Reduction:
The income or corporate tax is calculated on basis of reduced rates until the total amount of reduced tax reaches the amount of contribution to the investment. The rate of contribution to investment refers to the rate of the total fixed investment amount that is subject to tax reduction.

Social Security Premium Support (Employee’s Share):
For additional employment created by the investment, the employee’s share of the social security premium calculated on basis of the legal minimum wage will be covered by the government. The instrument is applicable only to investments made in Region 6 within the scope of the investment incentive certificate. There is no upper limit for Social Security Premium Support and it is applicable for 10 years.

Social Security Premium Support (Employer’s Share):
For additional employment created by the investment, the employer’s share of the social security premium calculated on basis of the legal minimum wage will be covered by the government.

Income Tax Withholding Allowance:
The income tax with regard to additional employment created by the investment, within the scope of the investment incentive certificate, will not be liable to withholding taxes. The instrument is applicable only to investments made in Region 6 within the scope of the investment incentive certificate. There is no upper limit for income tax withholding allowance and it is applicable for 10 years.

Interest Rate Support:
Interest rate support is a financial support instrument provided for investment loans with a term of at least one year obtained within the scope of an investment incentive certificate. A portion of the interest/profit share regarding the loan equivalent, at most 70 percent of the fixed investment amount registered in the investment incentive certificate, will be covered by the government.

Land Allocation:
Land may be allocated for investments, with an investment incentive certificate, in accordance with the rules and principles set by the Ministry of Finance, depending on the availability of such land.

VAT Refund:
VAT collected on construction expenses, made within the scope of strategic investments with a minimum fixed investment amount of TRY 500 million, will be rebated.

R&D Incentives
1. R&D Law
The R&D Law provides special incentives for R&D and design investment projects in Turkey provided that a minimum of 30 personnel are employed in an R&D center. This personnel requirement may be reduced to 15 employees in sectors determined by the Council of Ministers to be a priority, such as software, medicine and medical devices, agriculture, food, biotechnology, ICT, and other high-tech sectors. The incentives within the new law will remain in effect until 2024 and include:

100 percent deduction of R&D expenditure from the tax base
Half of the R&D and design expenditure increase incurred in the operational year compared to the previous year will be deductible (criteria will be determined by Council of Ministers)
Income withholding tax exemption for employees (until December 31, 2023.)
50 percent social security premium exemption for employers (until December 31, 2023)
Stamp duty exemption for applicable documents
Customs duty exemption for imported products within the scope of R&D projects
Techno-initiative capital for new scientists up to TRY 500,000
Deduction from the tax base of certain funds granted by public bodies and international organizations

2- Support for Technology Development Zones
The advantages in Technology Development Zones are:

Profits derived from software development, R&D, and design activities are exempt from income and corporate taxes until December 31, 2023.
Sales of application software produced exclusively in TDZs are exempt from VAT until December 31, 2023. Examples include software for systems management, data management, business applications, and different business sectors, the internet, mobile phones, and military command control.
Wages of R&D, design, and support personnel employed in the zone are exempt from all taxes until December 31, 2023. The number of the support personnel covered by the exemption shall not exceed 10 percent of the number of the R&D personnel.
Investments for the production of the technological products obtained as a result of the R&D projects conducted in the zone may be made in the TDZ if deemed suitable by the operator company and allowed by the Ministry.
50 percent of the employer’s share of the social security premium will be paid by the government until December 31, 2023.
Customs duty exemption for imported products and stamp duty exemption for applicable documents within the scope of R&D, design, and software development projects.

3- Industrial Thesis (SANTEZ) Program
Direct financial support for new technology adaptation, process development, quality improvement, and environmental modification projects to be achieved via university partnerships:

Up to 85 percent of the project budget could be supported by direct grants
Project term is 2 years, with a possible extension of 6 months
Expenditure on staff, travel, consumable materials, machinery equipment, consultancy, and relevant service procurements, transportation, insurance, and customs are supported
The application file could be approved within 4 months, and the project supervision committee is independent

4- TUBITAK Support
TUBITAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) compensates or grants R&D related expenses and capital loans for R&D projects.
Projects eligible for TUBITAK incentives:

Concept development
Technological research and technical feasibility research
Laboratory studies in the translation of a concept into a design
Design and sketching studies
Prototype production
Construction of pilot facilities
Test production
Patent and license studies
Activities concerning the removal of post-sale problems arising from product design

TUBITAK 1515 – Frontier R&D Laboratory Support Program:
The 1515 Program applies an integrated perspective that extends beyond a consideration of the initial establishment phase of the R&D laboratory. The 1515 Program offers an entirely grant-based financial model to cover up to 75 percent of the operating expenses of the R&D laboratory in Turkey up to TRY 10 million for each calendar year for duration of 10 years at most.

The coverage of the grant support consists of the following items:

Personnel costs
General operating costs
Consultancy fees

For eligibility to have personnel costs covered in the total grant amount, at least 50 percent of the personnel must hold Turkish citizenship and at least 1/3 should have a doctoral degree.

5- TTGV Loans
The Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV) offers long-term interest-free loans for R&D projects on agriculture technologies, health technologies, education technologies, and energy efficiency improvement.

The loans are intended to provide financial support to those activities whose purpose is the development of new products with commercial value in the aforementioned technological areas, or for the promotion of competitiveness of current products in these areas.

The scope of the program includes:

The duration of project support is at least 1 year and is at most 3 years.
The upper and lower limits for the amount of support to be provided are USD 3 million and USD 250,000, respectively.
Support shall be provided 50 percent by TTGV and 50 percent by the project coordinating company’s contribution.
The pay-back term is 4 years in total after project execution, including a one-year grace period.

Export Support
Inward Processing Regime
The aim of the Inward Processing Regime is to enable exporters to procure inputs at world market prices for the production of their exports without being subject to customs duties, including VAT, as well as trade policy measures.

The Inward Processing Regime includes two types of processing measures:

Conditional Exemption System and
Reimbursement System.

1.The Conditional Exemption System waives commercial policy measures and taxes that arise during the importation of non-freely circulating raw materials, auxiliary materials, packages, and operating equipment used in production of the export product subject to Inward Processing Regime. It is called conditional as the exporter has to guarantee through collateralization of the imported materials and equipment that they will only be used for the production and exportation of the product subject to Inward Processing Regime. The guarantee given for the collateralized materials and equipment will be released upon exporting of the final product.
2.The Reimbursement System is the reimbursement of taxes that were paid during the importation of freely circulating raw materials, auxiliary materials, packages, and operating equipment used for the production of the exported product subject to Inward Processing Regime. These taxes are reimbursed upon the exporting of the final product subject to Inward Processing Regime. Commercial policy measures are applied to the imported materials and equipment and all the import procedures such as technical regulations in foreign trade and standardization legislation must have been completed.

Evaluation of Applications

It should be possible to determine whether the imported raw materials are used to produce exported products.
The activity should not have a negative impact on the economic interests of the producers in the customs territory.
Activities should create added-value and the final product should not have a negative impact of the competitiveness in the sector.
The company should be built in the customs territory in Turkey.

Benefits of Inward Processing Regime

100 percent Customs Duty Refund
100 percent VAT Refund
100 percent Special Consumption Tax Refund
100 percent Resource Utilization Support Fund Refund
100 percent Stamp Tax Refund
Exemption from quotas and surveillance measures: There are import quotas determined by the government for a number of goods, and Inward Processing Regime certificate holders will not be affected by these quotas. The government also determines market prices for some products and imposes excise taxes to these products based on the determined market price, irrespective of the price paid by the importer. Participants in the Inward Processing Regime would also be exempt from such surveillance measures.
It is permitted for domestic sales and delivery

Sectoral Incentives
Incentives for Renewable Energy
In addition to the General, Regional, Priority, and Strategic Investment Incentive schemes that apply to investments in the energy sector, the government provides specific incentives for electricity production investments that are based on renewable energy sources.

100 percent exemption from Customs Duty and VAT
Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) scheme for 10 yearsa.Differentiated FiT scheme based on resource type
b.Extra premiums for domestic components

Grid connection priorities
Lower license feesa.Only 1 percent of licensing fee
b.Exemption from the annual license fee for the first eight years of operation

License exemptions in exceptional circumstances
Various practical conveniences in project preparation and land acquisition

Date: 13 March 2017