A market share indicator describes how much energy the largest company of the network serves in one market. Larger market shares indicate a monopolistic or oligopolistic market.

In 2021, the market share of the largest electricity producer in the electricity market varied across EU countries. The highest share was recorded in Cyprus (88%), followed by France (79%), Croatia (76%) and Estonia (64%).

At the other end of the scale, the market share of the largest producer in the electricity market was less than 20% in four EU members: Poland, Lithuania, and Italy (all 17%) and Sweden (19%).

On a year-to-year basis, from 2020 to 2021, the largest market share increase was reported in Ireland (32%), while the largest decrease was in Portugal (-32%). Share increase indicates a rise in market concentration, for example after a merger of large market participants. On the opposite, a share decrease shows a reduction of market concentration. Of the other EU countries, 15 reported a change from 2020 to 2021 that is below 10%.

Compared with 2013, the 2021 market share of the largest producer in the electricity market was lower in most EU countries. The decline in the market share ranged from -39 percentage points (pp) in Luxembourg (following the liberalisation of the electricity market) and -20 pp in Slovakia to -1 pp in Bulgaria and -4 pp in Finland. In contrast, the share remained stable in Sweden (19%) and Poland (17%), while it increased in Hungary (+10 pp), Romania (+3 pp) and Spain (+2 pp).

Natural gas import and production: market share of largest company decreased in 14 EU countries

For natural gas imports and production, the largest market share was 100% in Estonia, Malta, and Sweden, where only one entity dominated national production and imports. In 2021, the gross available energy from natural gas was only 2.3% of the total in Sweden. Malta is a small market, so it is expected that one entity could cover market needs.

By contrast, the largest natural gas import and production company had the lowest level of market penetration in Ireland (22%) and Czechia (23%).

On a year-to-year basis, from 2020 to 2021, the largest market share decrease was reported in Croatia (-45%) and in Czechia (-38%). The number of main companies that import or produce natural gas for the local market increased from 5 to 6 in Czechia and from 3 to 5 in Croatia.

Compared with 2013, the market share of the largest natural gas import and production company decreased in 14 EU members with available data in 2021. The largest decreases were recorded in Greece (-61 pp), Latvia (-54 pp) and Czechia (-46 pp).

Meanwhile, the share remained the same in Sweden (at 100%), whereas it increased in four EU members: Lithuania (+22 pp), Estonia (+16 pp), Slovakia (+13 pp) and Belgium (+7 pp).

Source: Eurostat
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According to the Solar Energy Map (SEM) of Turkey prepared by Ministary of Energy and Natural Resources, it has been determined that the total annual insolation time is 2,741 hours (a total of 7,5 hours per day), and the total solar energy derived per year is 1,527 kWh/m2 per year (total 4,18 kWh/m2 per day).

Nowadays, two different technologies used very different forms and areas for production electrical energy from solar energy. Though solar energy technologies vary in terms of method, material and technological level, they can be divided in two major groups:

Photovoltaic Technology: Semi-conducting materials, which are also known as photovoltaic solar energy systems, convert the sunlight directly into electricity.

Photo-emissive Solar Technologies and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): In this system heat is obtained from solar energy, and can be used either directly or in the generation of electricity.

Within the scope of Re-Zone competition which made tender in 20/03/2017, construction of a 1,000 MWe capacity solar power plant in Konya-Karapınar that will be one of the world’s largest solar power plants is proceeded. Moreover, the establishment of a factory where solar modules will be produced 60% local which will be used in the solar power plant and the establishment of R&D center be carried out in the field of solar energy is proceeded.

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources / link: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Solar
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The total proved oil reserves of the world were 1,729.7 billion barrels in 2018. 836.1 billion barrels (%48.3) of the petroleum reserves are in Middle Eastern countries, 325.1 billion barrels (%18,8) are in South&Middle American countries, 236.7 billion barrels (%13.7) are in North America. Crude oil, which has a strategic position among primary sources of energy, has met %31.4 of the world’s primary energy demand as of 2018.

Approximately 70% of the world’s producible petroleum and natural gas reserves are situated in geographical regions which are close to our country. With its geo-politics position, Turkey neighbor countries possessing three quarters of the world’s petroleum and natural gas reserves and it is participating in numerous very important projects as a natural “Energy Center” between the energy-rich Caspian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern countries and the consumer markets in Europe, and providing support to the said projects. It is expected that a significant portion of the demand for primary energy, which is expected to rise by 40% by the year 2030, will be met from the sources located in the region we are located in.

In 2018 a total of 21 million tons of crude oil imported, and 17.7 million tons of petroleum products have been imported. In contrast, 8.9 million tons of petroleum products were exported.

Within the scope of activities directed at meeting the ever-increasing demand for petroleum and natural gas from domestic sources, the studies being carried out in the basins of our country, which have not been sufficiently explored, and in particular on the sea in the Black Sea and Mediterranean areas, have gained great momentum. Due to the possibilities of drilling in areas where water is very deep (1,000 – 2,000 m) as a result of the advances in drilling technology in recent years, and the appearance of production possibilities, the structure of hydrocarbons exploration in our seas has been established at pace. In this context, two seismic exploration and two drilling vessels were provided both through purchasing and domestic manufacturing.

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources / link: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Petroleum
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The geothermal capacity of our country is very high. 78% of these geothermal fields are situated in Western Anatolia, 9% in Central Anatolia, 7% in the Marmara Region, 5% in Eastern Anatolia and 1% in the other regions. 90% of our geothermal resources are low and medium enthalpy geothermal areas which are suitable for direct applications (heating, thermal tourism, industrial usage, etc.), while 10% are suitable for indirect applications (generation of electricity).

Geothermal sources have widespread uses in Turkey. Today geothermal energy is used for electricity production, heating (greenhouse and residences), thermal and health tourism, industrial usages, fish farming, for drying purposes and etc.. First geothermal electricity generation held in Kızıldere geothermal field by MTA in 1975 and was initiated by Kızıldere power plant with 0.5 MWe power.

The installed capacity of geothermal energy as of year 2018 was 14.9 GWe. Top five countries in this area are the USA, Philippines, Indonesia, Turkey and New Zealand. Total direct use of geothermal energy in the world with the same reference is higher than 70.000 MWt as of the year 2018. Top 5 countries indirect usage applications are the USA, China, Sweden, Belarus and Norway.

Geothermal resource explorations had been started at 1962 by MTA and brought up to date with 287.5 ° C temperature with scientific researches that conducted also by MTA.

Geothermal exploration activities have been accelerated and increased from 2.000 m to 28.000 m and the budget for geothermal exploration has been increased 10 times. Since 2005, the development of existing geothermal resources initiated and began to search for new potential areas. As the end of 2004, the available heat capacity of 3.100 MWt increased to 5.000 MWt by an additional 1.900 MWt heat energy. 173 discovered geothermal fields reached to 239 fields which 10 of them are suitable for electricity production. So far, total of 634 drillings with total of 412.250 meters of depth and approximately 5.000 MWt of heat energy (including natural springs) obtained from these wells.

In 2008, in conjunction with Geothermal Resources and Natural Mineralized Waters Law, the private sector began to introduce development and investment of geothermal projects also. In conjunction with this development, the country’s total geothermal heat capacity (visible amount of heat) reached to 35.500 MWt.

Source: Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources /Link: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Geothermal
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According to the news published by Central Bank of Republic of Turkey, in January, consumer prices rose by 1.35%, while annual inflation was up by 0.31 points to 12.15%. Meanwhile, the annual rate of change in the B and C indices rose by 0.17 and 0.07 points to 10.93% and 9.88%, respectively.

Across subcategories, the contribution of energy, gold and services groups to annual consumer inflation increased month-on-month by 0.66, 0.06, 0.05 points, respectively, while that of food, core goods and alcohol-tobacco groups decreased by 0.34, 0.07 and 0.05 points, respectively.

Three-month averages of seasonally adjusted core inflation indicators suggest a somewhat rise in the trend of the B and C indices. In this period, the trend of the services group posted an uptick, whereas that of the core goods group decreased amid the VAT reduction in furniture products. The upward trend of the B index was also triggered by developments in processed food prices.

In January, services prices increased by 2.00% and annual services inflation inched down to 12.20%. In this period, annual inflation declined in rents, transport services and communication but crept up in restaurants-hotels and remained relatively flat in other services. Monthly price developments reveal that an upsurge in prices was seen in items of the other services group that are inclined to backward-indexation, reflect the exchange rate effect, and the prices of which are set according to the re-valuation rate. This period was especially marked by price developments in subcategories such as health, maintenance and repair, and education. In the restaurants-hotels group, prices increased both in accommodation and catering services. Showing backward-indexation behavior, the rent group posted a monthly increase of 1.14%, with a stronger trend than past months.

Annual core goods inflation decreased by 0.13 points to 7.35% in January. In this period, annual inflation dropped in durable goods, rose in clothing and durable goods and remained flat in other core goods. The VAT reduction in furniture products (to 8% from 18%) was largely manifest in prices, pulling down the prices of durable goods by 0.94%. Meanwhile, the seasonal sale in the clothing and footwear group proved more limited compared to the previous year.

Energy prices rose by 1.11% in January. This rise was mainly due to the price hike of 5.97% in municipal water tariffs. Notwithstanding the fall in international oil prices, fuel prices increased by 0.55% due to exchange rate developments. Annual energy inflation rose by 6.16 points to 17.14% due to the low base effect led by the reduced prices in electricity, natural gas and municipal water in the same period of the previous year.

Source: Central Bank of Republic of Turkey / link: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/69673969-4337-4dfc-8780-90bde7aff242/mpricejanuary20.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
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The move comes as governments meet in Poland for a United Nations-hosted conference to lay out a “rule book” to implement the 2015 Paris climate accord.

The 2015 Paris climate accord set goals to phase out fossil fuel use this century, shift towards cleaner energies and help to limit global warming.

Shell’s targets will be introduced in 2020 and they will be more extensive with inclusion of the ‘Scope 3’ emissions from the burning of fuels sold to millions of customers around the world, the company said.

Sacha Sadan, director of corporate governance at Shell investor Legal and General, said: “It is a very strong message from the world’s second-largest oil company. As investors, we will go to other companies about what they can do. Shell are showing that it is hard but doable.”

Shell did not specify any targets on Monday.

But the company plans to link targets and other measures to its executive remuneration policy.

The revised policy will be put to shareholders for approval at its annual meeting in 2020.

Rivals BP and Total have already set short-term targets on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, but these are limited to their own operations.

 Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

ND-PPI monthly increased by 1.94% in the index for mining and stone quarrying and by 0.45% in the index for manufacturing.

Non-domestic producer price index, annual change on same month of the previous year, 2016-2017
[2010=100]
The highest monthly increase was in metal ores
The highest rates of monthly increase by sub divisions of industry were indices for metal ores by 3.60%, for leather and related products by 2.67%, and for other manufactured goods by 2.27%. On the other hand the highest rates of monthly decrease in ND-PPI by sub divisions of industry were indices for coke and refined petroleum products by 7.48%, for printing and recording services by 1.63% and for machinery and equipment n.e.c. by 0.82%.

The highest monthly increase in main industrial groupings was in durable consumer goods
According to main industrial groupings classification, the highest rate of monthly increases was in durable consumer goods and the highest rate of annual increases was in energy goods in March 2017.

Non-domestic producer price index and rate of changes, March 2017
[2010=100]

Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

Turkish Economy Minister Nihat Zeybekci, drew attention to the significance of the agreement signed between Turkish and Italian Eximbanks as well as the need of new trade volume target. DEİK and its Counterpart Confindustria will establish a joint platform to seize business opportunities and to boost trade volume from 18 billion USD to 30 billion USD.
Renewal of Turkey- EU Custom Union will contribute significantly to EU and trade volume will increase by 55-60 percent. Turkish and Italian business communities will benefit from the renewal and he announced that Turkish Trade Center will be established in Italy in 2017. In the sectors of tourism and energy two countries complete each other; furthermore, new investments are kicked out in the energy sectors.

Italian Economic Development Minister Carlo Calenda, stated that Turkey can always trust Italy in the matters of EU, furthermore, during the Custom Union renewal Italy will act as supervisor and will follow up the procedure. Turkey shouldered great responsibility regarding illegal migration and Calenda thanked Turkey for its great efforts. The agreement between to Exim Banks will accelerate investment and necessary studies will be carried out to correctly inform and guide investors.
Italian Economic Development Minister Carlo Calenda expressed that Turkey and Italy are stronger in different countries of Africa and partnership efforts should be accelerated. Turkey and Italy do not only have economic interest, as a result, their partnership will be very fertile.

DEİK President Ömer Cihad Vardanstated that Turkey and Italy is in a great harmony and synchronization. In the past two years trade is declining between two countries, thus, business communities from both countries should expand this volume as soon as possible. Italy has chosen Turkey as a “Target Country” and this is very important for Turkey, as a result, many new partnerships will be established in the sectors of energy, agriculture, automotive, food, start-ups, innovative technology and renewable energy.
Turkey-EU Custom Union negotiations will start soon and DEİK hopes that Custom Union will be completed soon addressing many chronicle problems between Turkey and EU. Turkey hopes for permanent solutions to chronicle problems such as transportation quota, driver license, Visa practice to Turkish citizens. Business communities of Turkey and Italy can do much greater projects than today via joint projects.

DEİK/Turkey-Italy Business Council President Burak Vardanindicated that opportunities in both countries should come to live. Both economy complete each other, thus, project in third countries should be initiated. Partnerships in the field of health, infrastructure and energy would be beneficial for both countries. “To be a key player in the global economic arena, both countries should form partnerships not only in Italy and Turkey but in Africa, Iran, Middle East and Central Asia”.

Turkey-Italy Trade Figures (Ministry of Economy-2016)
Turkish export to Italy: 7.5 billion USD
Main export items: Automobile, motor vehicles, crustaceans, parts and components for land vehicles, iron-steel
Turkish import from Italy: 10.2 billion USD
Main import items:Parts and accessories for land vehicles, petroleum oils, diesel, semi-diesel engines, motor vehicles
Trade Volume: 17.8 billion USD
Trade Balance:2.6 billion USD in favor of Italy

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• Total export value of the machinery industry reached USD 13.4 billion in 2015, up from USD 5.2 billion in 2005.
• Annual growth rate of machinery exports between 2005 and 2015 was 16 percent, double Turkey’s overall export growth rate during the same period.
• As the 2^nd largest export industry of Turkey, accounting for a 9.3 percent share in Turkey’s total exports, machinery products are exported to more than 200 countries.
• 60 percent of the total machinery product exports are shipped to the EU countries and the USA.
• Total imports of the machinery sector surpassed USD 26 billion in 2015 while posting an average annual growth of 10.3 percent over the past decade, evidencing the strong demand from the domestic market.
• FDI inflow in machinery manufacturing represents a significant source for Turkey’s overall FDI amount, making up around 20 percent of total manufacturing FDI between 2005 and 2015.
• R&D expenditures on machinery manufacturing reached USD 600 million in 2014, accounting for almost 10 percent of the total R&D expenditure of Turkey.
• Turkey’s competitiveness in the machinery sector is driven by favorable input costs and strong enablers. Input costs include competitive labor cost, an affordable and reliable energy supply, and logistical advantages based on the geostrategic location of Turkey, while enablers include a skilled workforce, generous investment incentives, an innovation-oriented infrastructure, and a strong supply base and domestic clusters.

Date: 13 March 2017

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