Basic indicators on education expenditure, 2011-2018

Percentage of education expenditure in GDP was 5.8%Expenditure on education as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) was 5.7% in 2017 and 5.8% in 2018.

The 72.9% of education expenditure was paid by public sources

The 72.9% of education expenditure in Turkey in 2018 was spent by the public sources. The share of education expenditure by households was 20.0%.

Largest expenditure amount was spent on tertiary education by public institutions

Public institutions spent 33.2% of their total education expenditure (51 billion 050 million TL) for tertiary education, 25.3% of total (38 billion 877 million TL) for upper secondary education. The 43.3% of education expenditure (20 billion 527 million TL) spent by private institutions was for upper secondary education and 30.3% for tertiary education (14 billion 352 million TL).

Education expenditure per student was 9 thousand 790 TL

While the education expenditure per student in Turkey in 2017 was 8 thousand 111 TL, this amount reached to a total of 9 thousand 790 TL in 2018.

Largest amount of expenditure per student was spent for tertiary education

When evaluated according to educational levels, the highest level of education expenditure per student in 2018 was for tertiary education with 16 thousand 248 TL.

Highest increase in education expenditure per student was observed at upper secondary education

The total education expenditure per student was increased by 20.7%. The level of education which reached the highest increase in 2018 compared to 2017 about education expenditure by financing source was upper secondary education with 26.2%. This was followed by lower secondary school with 22.7%.

The next release on this subject will be in December 2020.

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EXPLANATIONS

Education expenditure statistics include the data in detail about the expenditure spent directly or indirectly for formal education by level of education for Turkey. Education expenditure does not cover the spending for non-formal education activities excluding the ones related to the formal education. In this news release, the results for educational expenditure statistics for the years 2011-2018 are included.

Source: TUIK
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According to the news of Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, dated November 15, 2019, 82% of recent graduates were employed in 2018. In other words, 82% of young people aged 20-34 who had successfully obtained at least an upper secondary level of education in the past 1-3 years and are not in further education were in employment.

This figure has increased for five years in a row, up from a relative low of 75% in 2013, recorded in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis.

In 2018, the employment rate for recent graduates reached 90% or higher in 75 NUTS* level 2 regions concentrated across much of Czechia, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden, with the south-east German region of Niederbayern recording the highest regional employment rate for recent graduates (98%).

In contrast, less than one-third of recent graduates were in employment in four EU regions. Three were in southern Italy: Sicilia (27%), Basilicata and Calabria (both 31%), and one region in central Greece: Sterea Ellada (32%; low reliability).

Note* (The Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics, abbreviated NUTS (from the French version Nomenclature des Unités territoriales statistiques) is a geographical nomenclature subdividing the economic territory of the European Union (EU) into regions at three different levels (NUTS 1, 2 and 3).

Kaynak: Eurostat / Link: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20191115-1?inheritRedirect=true&redirect=%2Feurostat%2Fweb%2Fmain%2Fhome
Yasal Uyarı: Bu içerikte yer alan bilgi, görsel, tablolar, açıklama, yorum, analiz ve bir bütün olarak içeriğin tamamı sadece genel bilgilendirme amacıyla verilmiştir. Kişi veya kuruma özel profesyonel bir bilgilendirme ve yönlendirmede bulunma amacı güdülmemiştir. Konu ile benzerlik gösterse de her işletmenin kendi özel şartları nedeniyle farklı durumları olabilir. Bu nedenle, bu yazıda belirtilen içerikte yola çıkarak işletmenizi etkileyecek herhangi bir karar alıp uygulamaya geçmeden önce, uzmanına danışmanız menfaatiniz gereğidir. Muhasebenews veya ilişkili olduğu kişi veya kurumlardan hiç biri, bu belgede yer alan bilgi, tablo, görsel, görüş ve diğer türdeki tüm içeriklerin özel veya resmi, gerçek veya tüzel kişi, kurum ve organizasyonlar tarafından kullanılması sonucunda ortaya çıkabilecek zarar veya ziyandan sorumlu değildir.

Australia and Indonesia have concluded negotiations on a new trading agreement that will eliminate tariffs on a range of products.

On August 31, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Indonesian President Joko Widodo announced the conclusion of the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA).

Morrison and his Minister for Trade, Simon Birmingham, said in a statement: “IA-CEPA will support Australian industrial producers in areas such as steel, copper, and plastics. Australian service industries including health, mining, telecommunications, tourism, and education will also have greater access to Indonesia’s growing economy.”

In addition, Australian farmers will be able to export 500,000 tonnes of feed grains, such as wheat, into Indonesia tariff free.

Morrison told reporters that “when you’re getting rid of tariffs, you’re basically taking taxes off things that are being bought in Australia and our key imports that come out of Indonesia – particularly petroleum and furniture and… wood and even footwear – these are things that will no longer have tariffs on them.”

Australia and Indonesia agreed in November 2010 to negotiate a free trade agreement. Negotiations stalled, with only two rounds of talks held between 2010 and July 2013. Negotiations were then “reactivated” in March 2016, following a three-year hiatus.

Both sides agreed to commit to conclude negotiations on the broader Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

The announcement was welcomed by the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. CEO James Pearson said: “We hope that [the] announcement, and the prospect of a formal signing in the near future, will boost trade and investment between our two nations, and build on the fact that Indonesia and Australia are already partners, along with the rest of ASEAN, in our long-standing trade agreement AANZFTA [the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand FTA].”

However, Pearson warned that Australia must do more to remain competitive, with competition for global markets becoming more intense and the prospect of trade wars looming. He said: “Australia is already suffering from a decline in our ranking in international competitiveness and international trade, which means less investment, fewer jobs, and missed opportunities for Australian businesses.”

Source: Tax News
Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

1- WHAT ARE THE AVERAGE INCOMES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL GRADUATE AND SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADUATE IN TURKEY?
According to monthly and yearly income research done once every four years by Turkish Statistical Institute in line with educational level in 2006-2010-2014, It was determined that monthly gross wages of primary and secondary school graduates were 1.514 TL in 2014, which was the last research year.

Monthly average gross wage of a high-school graduate was 1.707 TL in 2014.

On the other hand, monthly average gross wage of a vocational high-school graduate was 2.263 TL in 2014.
In this research, it was revealed that a vocational high-school graduate earned 33% more than a regular high-school graduate.

2- WHAT WERE MONTHLY GROSS WAGES OF POSTGRADUATES AND HIGHER EDUCATION?
According to research;
By 2014, monthly average gross wages of postgraduates and higher education were determined as 3.952 TL.

3- WHAT ARE THE WAGES OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO HAVE THE SAME EDUCATIONAL LEVEL?
Males earn more money than females even if females have the same educational level with them.
For example,
While monthly gross wages of males who were postgraduates and higher education were 4.296 TL in 2014, females’ wages were 3.470 TL.

4- WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ON WAGES?
Average annual income of a postgraduate in 2014;
-is 2,8 times more than primary and secondary school graduate.
-is 2,4 times more than high-school graduate.
-is 1,8 times more than vocational high-school graduate.

Next research will be done in 2018.

Ali Karakuş
17.07.2017,
İstanbul

Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

Buildings given Construction Permits in the total of January-March 2017;

Total floor area of buildings realized as 45.0 million m² and 25.4 million m² of it realized as residential building, 10.0 million m² of it realized as nonresidential building and 9.6 million m² of it realized as common used area.

According to the use of building, two and more dwelling residential buildings had the highest share with 34.6 million m². It was followed by public entertainment, education, hospital or institutional care buildings with 2.5 million m².

According to the type of investor, private sector had the highest share with 37.7 million m². It was followed by public sector with 6.8 million m² and construction cooperatives with 592 thousand m²respectively. According to the number of dwelling units, from total 228 thousand 918 dwellings, 210 thousand 881 of it was taken by private sector, 16 thousand 458 of it was taken by public sector and thousand 579 of it was taken by construction cooperatives.

According to the provinces, İstanbul had the highest share with 9.3 million m². It was followed by Ankara with 4.7 million m² and İzmir with 2.2 million m² respectively. The provinces which had the lowest floor area were Muş, Bayburt and Bitlis respectively.

According to the dwelling units, İstanbul had the highest share with 53 thousand 554 dwelling units. It was followed by Ankara with 16 thousand 352 dwelling units and İzmir with 14 thousand 247 dwelling units respectively. The provinces which had the lowest dwelling units were Muş, Hakkari and Bayburt respectively.

Floor area of buildings given Occupancy Permits increased by 22.0%
In the first three months of 2017 compared with the previous year, number of buildings, floor area of buildings, value of buildings and number of dwelling units increased by 8.7%, 22.0%, 42.2% and 17.9%
respectively according to the Occupancy Permits given by municipalities to the buildings.

Buildings given Occupancy Permits in the total of January-March 2017;

Total floor area of buildings realized as 39.3 million m² and 22.1 million m² of it realized as residential building, 9.1 million m² of it realized as nonresidential building and 8.1 million m² of it realized as common used area.

According to the use of building, two and more dwelling residential buildings had the highest share with 28.7 million m². It was followed by public entertainment, education, hospital or institutional care buildings with 2.6 million m².

According to the type of investor, private sector had the highest share with 32.5 million m². It was followed by public sector with 5.8 million m² and construction cooperatives with 979 thousand m²respectively. According to the number of dwelling units, from total 194 thousand 36 dwellings, 175 thousand 7 of it was taken by private sector, 14 thousand 910 of it was taken by public sector and 4 thousand 119 of it was taken by construction cooperatives.

According to the provinces, İstanbul had the highest share with 7.9 million m². It was followed by Ankara with 4.0 million m² and İzmir with 2.3 million m² respectively. The provinces which had the lowest floor area were Bayburt, Gümüşhane and Şırnak, respectively.

According to the dwelling units, İstanbul had the highest share with 44 thousand 3 dwelling units. It was followed by Ankara with 17 thousand 336 dwelling units and İzmir with 11 thousand 557 dwelling units  respectively. The provinces which had the lowest dwelling units were Bayburt, Hakkari and Ağrı, respectively.

Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.

With its unique geographical location combined with a rich and diverse history, right in the cradle of many different civilizations, Turkey is a privileged place to live for expatriates and their families.

Many of Turkey’s new residents hail from countries like the UK, Germany, Ireland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, Belgium, France, USA, as well as several of the Gulf countries. Thanks to the amendments in Turkey’s property law that lifted the reciprocity principle, foreign homebuyers and investors are now free to purchase any property in Turkey.

2-Housing
From flats in urban centers to villas in suburbs, there are a multitude of options to choose from when looking for housing in Turkey. Major metropolitan areas have the most modern and complete environment for an extravagant life in the city, where luxurious residence complexes offer all the daily amenities such as private security, kindergartens, sports complexes, social facilities, parking lots, and shopping malls for their residents.

3-Residing in Turkey
Foreigners wishing to work or reside in Turkey are obliged to file an application to the relevant Turkish authorities with required documents in order to obtain a work or residence permit. The methods and principles concerning work permits to be issued to foreigners that will be employed in Turkey vary by the relevant sector, such as

• education,
• housekeeping services,
• health services,
• tourism,
• aviation,
• entertainment, and
• Others, as well as with respect to foreign direct investments, special foreign direct investments, professional services, and liaison offices. Meanwhile, residence permits are issued to foreigners mainly based on ownership status of real estate or on the intention to run a business or establish commercial connections in Turkey.

4-Transportation
The transportation system in Turkey makes good use of the country’s highly developed infrastructure. With more than 50 airports across the country, one can fly from one city to another in Turkey in less than an hour in most instances. An extensive network of dual carriageways and highways makes it very easy to drive from your home to any major city in Turkey. The high-speed train network, meanwhile, has been improving rapidly in the last decade; the 14 largest cities of Turkey are expected to be interconnected with high-speed train lines by 2023, the centennial of foundation of the Republic of Turkey.

5-Education
The education system of Turkey underwent serious reforms in the last decade. Most apparent are the now compulsory twelve-year education and the dramatic increase in the number of schools and other educational institutions. Many private and foundation schools, in addition to public schools, offer education services. Moreover, international schools, where only pupils holding a foreign passport can attend, are present throughout the country. While schools providing education in European languages such as

• English,
• German,
• French, and
• Italian are available, there are other institutions where languages such as Russian, Japanese, and Chinese are taught as well.

6-Health Services
The healthcare system in Turkey mainly operates with three different types of hospitals:

• public,
• university, and
• Private.

While social and health securities are governed in essence by the state, it is also possible to have private health insurance. The majority of hospitals in Turkey, both public and private, are either meeting or surpassing international standards in equipment quality and expertise.

7-Passtime and Cultural Activities
The cultural activities in which one can engage in Turkey are only limited by individual interests and capabilities. Be it arts, hobbies, entertainment, or other leisure activities, the possibilities are endless. In all major cities one can find movies, plays, concerts, ballets, operas, and other varieties of cultural activities awaiting either participants or spectators. Local festivals and more traditional forms of leisure activities are also rising in popularity.

Turkey’s rich geography and suitable terrain make the country an ideal place for alternative sports such as;

• mountaineering,
• golf,
• scuba diving,
• rafting,
• skiing, and
• yachting.

Naturally, well-established and popular sports like;

• football,
• basketball, and
• volleyball have a considerable number of players and supporters all over the country.

Located in the Eastern Mediterranean region and surrounded on three sides by temperate seas, Turkey has a climate allowing for extreme variations in weather, often in the same region or province. As such, it is possible to go skiing in a mountain resort after sunbathing on a sandy beach, both in the same day.

 Date: 13 March 2017

Legal Notice: The information in this article is intended for information purposes only. It is not intended for professional information purposes specific to a person or an institution. Every institution has different requirements because of its own circumstances even though they bear a resemblance to each other. Consequently, it is your interest to consult on an expert before taking a decision based on information stated in this article and putting into practice. Neither MuhasebeNews nor related person or institutions are not responsible for any damages or losses that might occur in consequence of the use of the information in this article by private or formal, real or legal person and institutions.